Influence of Social Factors on Election Outcomes in Benue State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study examined the influence of social factors on election outcomes in Benue State, Nigeria, focusing specifically on ethnoreligious factors and socio-economic conditions. The research was guided by Rational Choice Theory, which posits that voters make calculated decisions based on perceived benefits and costs. Using a descriptive survey research design, the study collected data from 422 respondents across Benue State's 23 Local Government Areas through a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that ethnoreligious factors significantly influence electoral outcomes, with ethnic affiliation emerging as the strongest determinant of voter choice. Regarding socio-economic conditions, the study found that income level was the most significant factor particularly in determining vulnerability to vote-buying. Employment status and education level also demonstrated strong correlations with voting behavior. The research concludes that both identity-based factors and economic considerations play crucial roles in shaping electoral outcomes in Benue State, with ethnic
considerations often superseding other factors in voters' decision-making processes. The study recommends that the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) implement comprehensive voter education programs emphasizing issue-based voting over identity-based considerations. Additionally, it suggests that the state government develop targeted economic empowerment programs to reduce voters' vulnerability to financial inducements during elections. These findings contribute to the understanding of electoral behavior in diverse societies and offer practical suggestions for improving electoral integrity.